Withania somnifera

Withania somnifera

Plant Family

Solanaceae

Botanical Description

Ashwagandha is a small shrub growing 35-75 cm tall with oval leaves, small greenish-yellow flowers, and orange-red berries enclosed in papery calyces. The root is the primary medicinal part with a characteristic horse-like odor.

Cautions

Avoid during pregnancy. May interact with thyroid medications, immunosuppressants, sedatives. People with autoimmune conditions should consult healthcare provider.

Habitat

Dry subtropical regions, stony places, cultivated fields.

Harvest Instructions

Roots harvested when plant is 1-2 years old, typically after berries ripen in autumn. Dig carefully to preserve taproot.

Geographic Distribution

Native to India, the Middle East, and North Africa. Cultivated worldwide.

Growth Conditions

Dry, subtropical climate. Well-drained, sandy soil. Full sun. Drought tolerant. pH 7.5-8.0.

Plant Size

35-75 cm

Effects on the Body

Premier adaptogen that helps resist stress, calms while energizing, supports cognitive function, promotes restful sleep, supports immune and thyroid function.

Active Constituents

Withanolides (withaferin A, withanolide D), steroidal lactones, alkaloids, saponins, iron.

Safety Information

Dosage

Root powder: 3-6 g daily with warm milk. Capsules: 300-600 mg standardized extract 1-2 times daily. Tincture: 2-4 ml 2-3 times daily.

Culinary Use

Root powder traditionally mixed with warm milk, honey, and spices as a nutritive tonic in Ayurvedic cuisine.

Folklore & Historical Use

Used in Ayurvedic medicine for over 3,000 years. Name means 'smell of horse' in Sanskrit, referring to its odor and the belief it imparts horse-like strength.

Scientific Research

Extensive clinical research as an adaptogen. Multiple randomized controlled trials demonstrate significant reduction in stress and anxiety (up to 44% reduction in stress scores). Clinical studies show improvement in testosterone levels, muscle strength, and sleep quality.